Schistosoma spindale
Schistosoma spindale is a species of digenetic trematode in the family Schistosomatidae. It causes intestinal schistosomiasis of cattle.
The distribution of Schistosoma spindale include Sri Lanka, India, Bangladesh, Thailand,[1] Malaysia and Laos.[2]
The tegument of Schistosoma spindale under scanning electron microscope was studied in 1983.[3]
The most important first intermediate host is a freshwater snail Indoplanorbis exustus[4] that may be the sole natural intermediate host for Schistosoma nasale (and other two Schistosoma species) on the Indian sub-continent.[4] Other snail has been implicated in transmission of Schistosoma spindale as its the first intermediate host and it include Lymnaea acuminata.[4] One snail can produce up to 7,000 cercariae in one day.[1]
The cercariae usually infect some hairy host (low host specificity) in shallow and muddy waters.[1]
The definitive hosts of Schistosoma spindale are (mainly) ruminants and Schistosoma spindale cause intestinal schistosomiasis of ruminants (Artiodactyla, Ruminantia).[4] Surveillance for cattle schistosomiasis is generally inadequate and the literature is limited, but some idea of the problem can be gained from past small scale studies.[4] For a diagnosis there is need to find eggs of Schistosoma spindale in feces.[5] Surveys in Sri Lanka revealed a prevalence of Schistosoma spindale of 31.2% (of 901 cattle),[5] whilst in Bangladesh a similarly high prevalence of 36% has been reported.[6][4] More recently, in Kerala South India, prevalences have been reported of up to 57.3% in cattle, 50% in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and 4.7% in goats.[7][4]
Other hosts of Schistosoma spindale include:
Schistosoma spindale has been implicated of human cercarial dermatitis in India[10] and in Malaysia.[8]
Cladogram
A cladogram based on 18S ribosomal RNA, 28S ribosomal RNA, and partial cytochrome-c oxidase I (COI) genes shows phylogenic relations of species in the genus Schistosoma:[11]
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Orientobilharzia turkestanicum
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Schistosoma edwardiense
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Schistosoma sp. from Ceratophallus natalensis
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References
This article incorporates CC-BY-2.0 text from the reference [4].
- ^ a b c Haas W., Granzer M., Brockelman C. R. (1990). "Finding and recognition of the bovine host by the cercariae of Schistosoma spindale". Parasitology Research 76(4): 343-350. PubMed, doi:10.1007/BF00928190.
- ^ Schneider C. R., Kitikoon V., Sornmani S. & Thirachantra S. (1975). "Mekong schistosomiasis. III: a parasitological survey of domestic water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) on Khong Island, Laos". Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology 69(2): 227-232. PubMed.
- ^ Kruatrachue M., Riengrojpitak S., Upatham E. S. & Sahaphong S. (1983). "Scanning electron microscopy of the tegumental surface of adult Schistosoma spindale". The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health 14(3): 281-289. PubMed.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Liu L. et al. (2010) "The phylogeography of Indoplanorbis exustus (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) in Asia". Parasites & Vectors 3: 57. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-3-57.
- ^ a b De Bont J., Vercruysse J., Van Aken D., Southgate V. R., Rollinson D. & Moncrieff C. (1991). "The epidemiology of Schistosoma spindale Montgomery, 1906 in cattle in Sri Lanka". Parasitology 102(2): 237-241. PubMed
- ^ Islam K. (1975). "Schistosomiasis in domestic ruminants in Bangladesh". Trop Anim Health Prod 7: 244.
- ^ Ravindran R., Lakshmanan B., Ravishankar C. & Subramanian H. (2007). "Visceral schistosomiasis among domestic ruminants slaughtered in Wayanad, South India". The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health 38: 1008-1010. PubMed.
- ^ a b c d e Singh K. I., Krishnasamy M., Ambu S., Rasul R. & Chong N. L. (1997). "Studies on animal schistosomes in Peninsular Malaysia: record of naturally infected animals and additional hosts of Schistosoma spindale". The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health 28(2): 303-307. PubMed
- ^ Singh K. I., Krishnasamy M. & Ambu S. (1992). "The large bandicoot rat, Bandicota indica, a new host for Schistosoma spindale, Montgomery, 1906, in Peninsular Malaysia". The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health 23(3): 537-538. PubMed.
- ^ Narain K., Rajguru S. K. & Mahanta J. (1998). "Incrimination of Schistosoma spindale as a causative agent of farmer's dermatitis in Assam with a note on liver pathology in mice". The Journal of communicable diseases 30: 1-6. PubMed
- ^ Brant S. V., Morgan J. A. T., Mkoji G. M., Snyder S. D., Rajapakse R. P. V. J. & Loker E. S. (2006). "An approach to revealing blood fluke life cycles, taxonomy, and diversity: provision of key reference data including dna sequence from single life cycle stages". Journal of Parasitology 92(1): 77-88. Figure 2. PubMed, PMC PMC2519025.
Further reading
- Agrawal M. C. & Southgate V. R. (2000). "Schistosoma spindale and bovine schistosomosis". J Vet Parasitol 14: 95-107.
- De Bont J., Vercruysse J., Van Aken D., Southgate V. R. & Rollinson D. (1991). "Studies of the relationships between Schistosoma nasale and S. spindale and their snail host Indoplanorbis exustus". Journal of helminthology 65(1): 1-7. PubMed
- Fransen J., De Bont J., Vercruysse J., Van Aken D., Southgate V. R. & Rollinson D. (1990). "Pathology of natural infections of Schistosoma spindale Montgomery, 1906, in cattle". Journal of comparative pathology 103(4): 447-455. PubMed
- Littlewood D. T., Lockyer A. E., Webster B. L., Johnston D. A. & Le T. H. (2006). "The complete mitochondrial genomes of Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma spindale and the evolutionary history of mitochondrial genome changes among parasitic flatworms". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39(2): 452-467. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.12.012, PubMed.